The Kingdom that Demands a Response

A sermon manuscript for Matthew 22:1-14,
prepared for Life Bridge Community Church
(recorded audio | sermon notes | parables study tool handout)

Introduction

Well, here we are – the final message in our Kingdom Parables series. Today, we’ll be studying the parable of the wedding feast in Matthew 22.

Jesus' Nine Kingdom Parables

I’ve put our chart back up on the screen, and I want to renew my encouragement to you to be studying these parables in your own time.

In addition, although we don’t have time to look at them, I want to point out that today’s parable is the third in a trilogy of so-called “judgment parables,” through which Jesus pronounces judgment over the leaders of Israel who are challenging His authority and rejecting His Kingdom.

As you can see, these other two appears in the previous chapter, Matthew 21. In fact, the Parable of the Wicked Tenants (Matt 21:33ff) is almost identical to this parable. I would encourage you to check these out as well, as you’re meditating on today’s message this week.

Finally, before we get into today’s passage, I wanted to share a quick personal update. As you know, I’ve been conducting my internship at Life Bridge for the past 18 months. As of this week, my internship has concluded. Sometimes I think when people hear “internship,” they think that our family will be moving on as soon as it’s over, but we are not. This church is our home, and we are members here. I have 3 more years of school, so at least until that is completed, we’re not going anywhere.

But what I really wanted to say is “thank you” for the innumerable ways you have encouraged and supported me and my family during this internship period. Thank you for the opportunity to open God’s word with you, which is an awesome privilege. We love this church, and consider it an honor to do life together with all of you. So, thank you!

On that note, let’s pray, and then dig into the parable of the wedding feast.

Prayer for Illumination

Father, we praise you for the marvelous ways in which you love us. We thank you for your word and for your grace, for your patience with us and for your reckless love. We come to you with open hands and open hearts today, because we truly want to know you and love you more. Illuminate your word for us and teach us. And use this time and this parable to change us and make us more like you, Jesus, for it’s in your name that we pray.

Amen.

The Parable

Open your bibles with me to Matthew 22:1-14, and follow along, as I read from the ESV…

Again, Jesus spoke to them in parables, saying, “The kingdom of heaven may be compared to a king who gave a wedding feast for his son, and sent his servants to call those who were invited to the wedding feast, but they would not come.

Again, he sent other servants, saying, ‘Tell those who are invited, “See, I have prepared my dinner, my oxen and my fat calves have been slaughtered, and everything is ready. Come to the wedding feast.”’ But they paid no attention and went off, one to his farm, another to his business, while the rest seized his servants, treated them shamefully, and killed them.

The king was angry, and he sent his troops and destroyed those murderers and burned their city. Then he said to his servants, ‘The wedding feast is ready, but those invited were not worthy. Go therefore to the main roads and invite to the wedding feast as many as you find.’ And those servants went out into the roads and gathered all whom they found, both bad and good. So, the wedding hall was filled with guests.

“But when the king came in to look at the guests, he saw there a man who had no wedding garment. And he said to him, ‘Friend, how did you get in here without a wedding garment?’ And he was speechless. Then the king said to the attendants, ‘Bind him hand and foot and cast him into the outer darkness. In that place there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.’”

For many are called, but few are chosen.

Character Overview

Wedding ReceptionThis parable has a ton of characters in it, but only two are truly the focus of the story. So, before we dig into the text, let’s take a few minutes to describe the characters in the parable, because I think it will help smooth out our analysis as we walk through the passage. There’s a chart on the back of your bulletin insert for you to fill in, so that you’ve got it as an easy reference when we’re analyzing the parable.

  • The king – The first character is the king. He represents God the Father, and He’s the main character. Often, when we encounter kingly language in Scripture, it’s talking about Jesus. But in this parable, the king is the Father, who is hosting a wedding feast for his son.
  • The king’s son – This is Jesus, the bridegroom, who is betrothed and preparing to celebrate His marriage with a royal banquet.
  • The bride – The bride is us, the people of God – Israel and the Church. Let’s pause for a second and let that sink in. This is incredible. The King of heaven left His throne, became a man, died and rose again, so that He could be united to us, and resurrect us with Him into a totally new kind of life that lasts forever.

The fact that the Eternal Son has chosen you for Himself should absolutely blow your mind! It should drive us to our knees in worship. It really should give you butterflies just to think about it … as if you really were the bride on the morning of her wedding … marrying the most amazing man you’ve ever met … the guy you’ve had your eye on ever since grade school but whom you thought would never ever even notice you. The perfect guy. The one everyone with half a brain wants. But he didn’t choose them, he has chosen you!

This is the picture (only infinitely more so) that Jesus is painting in His story. He has chosen you to be His! Don’t ever let the wonder of that truth fade!

But we have to be careful not to mix metaphors here. Although the people of God are indeed the bride of Christ in an absolute sense, for the purposes of this parable, Jesus intends his listeners to identify with the people the king is inviting to the wedding feast. As we work through the parable, you’ll see that the focus is not on the bride but on the king and the guests. So, for our purposes today, when I refer to Israel or the Church, I’m talking about the wedding guests, not the bride. Deal?

Okay, moving on…

  • The servants – Typically, when we encounter “servant” language in Scripture, it is a reference to the angels of God, who serve Him day and night around His throne (Rev 7:15). But in this case, the servants are the prophets and apostles, whom God sent into this world – largely to Israel – throughout history to speak for Him and proclaim His Kingdom.
  • The invitees – The story gets a little complicated at this point. Allegorically, the identity of those invited to the wedding feast changes as the story unfolds. We’ll track that progression as we work through the parable, but for now, suffice it to say that these are human beings who must choose how they will respond to God’s invitation to dwell in His Kingdom.

Observation and Interpretation

Now that we have a sense of who the characters are in this story, let’s walk through the parable. We’ll take it a verse at a time, and see if we can get at what Jesus is teaching us. I want to warn you ahead of time: there’s a ton in this parable that I’d love to talk about, but which we just don’t have time to cover. So, please forgive me if I mention some things only in passing and totally bypass others. If this parable raises questions for you that aren’t adequately addressed today, write them down. I would encourage you to bring those questions up for discussion in your community group or life group. You can also feel free to find me (or one of the elders); I’d absolutely love to discuss these things further offline.

As we work through this parable, we’ll see the king take six specific actions in the story. I’d like to use these as a structure for our observations and interpretation, and then we close with two points of application.

1. The King plans a wedding feast

“The kingdom of heaven may be compared to a king who gave a wedding feast for his son, and sent his servants to call those who were invited to the wedding feast…” (Matthew 22:2-3a)

Wedding Feast Banquet HallThe king (allegorically, the God of all creation) has a son (Jesus), and that son is getting married. As we discussed when we went through the characters in the story, this represents Jesus’ being married to His people, the Church.

Side note: Hold it… Do you have butterflies? Okay, just checking.

To celebrate the wedding, his father, the king is hosting a wedding feast.

In 1st century Jewish culture, to talk about the wedding feast is to talk about the wedding itself. And this is a royal wedding. In Jesus’ day, even a poor peasant’s wedding celebration could last for days. The party the king is about to throw will be at the palace, and will probably go on for weeks. Guests will be lodged in the palace at the expense of the king. The purchases the king makes for this party in the local villages will materially impact their economies. This isn’t some back-yard BBQ or a dinner party at your church. Even the most elaborate wedding today would have been dwarfed by the scope of the event imagined by Jesus’ listeners. Essentially, Jesus is describing the most extravagant party they could possibly conceive.

Allegorically, this means worshipping God, walking with God, and working for God under the rule of King Jesus in His perfect Kingdom for all eternity. This is better by far than the most amazing thing you have ever imagined.

Let’s also talk about the guest list.

It is implied (see v3) that the king has invited a large group of people to the wedding feast. Allegorically, this refers to God’s covenant with the nation of Israel. Almost 2,000 years before Jesus stood telling this story, God made a covenant with Abraham, that his descendants would be God’s very own people – a people for his possession (c.f. Deut 7:6; Isa 43:21). In Jesus’ story, this agreement is represented by the king’s wedding invitation. God selected Abraham’s descendants to live in close proximity to Him, with the goal that they would come to know Him by faith and thereby participate in His eternal Kingdom. They were to obey His laws and represent Him to the nations around them. In time, the whole world would be blessed through them.

In Jesus’ parable, the king has formalized an arrangement with a subset of his citizens that they are officially invited to the wedding feast. “Someday soon,” He said, “when everything is ready, I’ll send for you, for we have agreed that you will be there to witness my son’s marriage and celebrate with us.” So, there is a sense of obligation, but primarily this is a great privilege. In theory, those the king invites would be tingling with anticipation, excited for the king and his son, waiting for his announcement, and eager to celebrate with the royal family.

2. The King proclaims that the time is at hand

King's Royal ProclamationAnd now, at last, the day has come. The time of the long-awaited wedding feast has finally arrived. Allegorically, the Kingdom of Heaven is being inaugurated. Jesus, Himself, is bringing about the dawning of the kingdom. Look at v4…

He sent His servants, saying, “Tell those who are invited, ‘See, I have prepared my dinner, my oxen and my fat calves have been slaughtered, and everything is ready. Come to the wedding feast.’” (Matthew 22:4)

We aren’t looking for significance in the details of this statement. Slaughtering oxen and fattened calves (etc) is just what people did when they threw a feast in those days. The point is that everything is now in readiness, and the king is going to activate the standing agreement he has in place with his citizens, summoning them to the palace to celebrate with his son.

The words of Jesus in Mark 1, or for that matter the words of John the Baptist (who is chief among the King’s servants) in Matthew 3, should be ringing in your ears…

The time is fulfilled, and the kingdom of God has come near. Repent and believe the good news! (Mark 1:15)

So, the Kingdom of God has arrived in this world in the person of Jesus, the Messiah, the Son of God. And He calls all whom God has invited – at that time, the nation of Israel – to fulfill their covenant commitment and respond to His invitation.

Note that there is nothing automatic about this. Being invited to a wedding feast isn’t the same as attending it. Similarly, the Bible makes it very clear throughout – from the very first day that God made His covenant with Israel to the last pages of the book of Revelation – that God’s gift of salvation and life in His Kingdom must be accepted. We must appropriate these things for ourselves. The Kingdom of God isn’t about something Jesus did “out there,” it’s about something He does “in here”.  {point to chest}

Nobody is saved from sin and death and born again into new life by osmosis or because they grow up in a Christian household or because they sit next to a godly people on Sunday mornings. God’s kingdom invitation demands a response.

But that’s not what happens in the story…

3. The King sees His invitation rejected

But [those he had invited] paid no attention and went off, one to his farm, another to his business, while the rest seized his servants, treated them shamefully, and killed them. (Matthew 22:5-6)

In Jesus’ day, to refuse a wedding invitation was a tremendous insult. It was considered a very personal rejection. And again, this is a royal wedding. So, bottom line, to reject this wedding invitation is to reject the king himself.

Jesus is using this story to indict the nation of Israel, particularly its leaders. For many hundreds of years, they had rejected God and maligned His prophets. In fact, some of the people Jesus is speaking to at this very moment are in the process of plotting His death. And these are supposed to be Israel’s leaders and teachers! They should have been leading the people in procession to the wedding feast, not rejecting the bridegroom and killing his servants.

But notice that not everyone violently mistreats the king’s servants. Some just ignore his invitation. They are too busy, too self-important, or have too many other things to do to worry about a wedding. They can’t be bothered to come to the feast, even though they had committed to do so. They probably had thoughts like, “I need to make a little more money, and then I’ll have enough to go” or “I just need to finish this one task first” or “It’s just not a good season right now for me to make this trip.” Surely, they thought their excuses were justifiable. But in the end, no matter how legitimate they may have seemed at the time, they all amount to the same thing: rejection of and great insult to the king. And we’ll see that he does not stand for that.

I think Israel thought they were secure because they were descended from Abraham and were biologically a part of his family. Well, and they had kept the rules they found easy to keep. They were circumcised, so they though they were automatically in the Kingdom. But their circumcision was a circumcision of the body, not of the heart.

The Bible makes it clear over and over again that we are not included in the family of God because of outward works or club memberships. God includes in His family those whose hearts are surrendered to Him, who have exchanged their old lives for Christ’s new life. God’s kingdom isn’t a club membership among many other club memberships. It’s not something you can layer onto the rest of a life lived your own way. It demands that you surrender one life to receive another. The leaders of Israel got this totally wrong, and ultimately paid a terrible price for their sinfulness and error.

4. The King destroys those who reject him

“The king was angry, and he sent his troops and destroyed those murderers and burned their city.” (Matthew 22:7)

Angel ArmiesAt this point, the story turns ugly. We have a tendency in our culture to consider any kind of negativity or judgment to be harsh and unwarranted, but God doesn’t see the world that way. Modern American culture also tend to imagine Jesus as meek and mild and uncritical, and we picture God the Father as a wizened, kindly old grandfather who overlooks our faults, always lets us eat candy and stay up late. And when He grades, He grades on a curve. Even in Christian circles, we have a way of explaining away the terrifying holiness of God and His legitimate wrathful judgment of sin. But this is an extremely distorted and unhelpful view of reality.

Yahweh is the sovereign, all-powerful God who created all things by speaking them into existence (Ps 33:9). He holds the whole universe in the palm of His hand (Isa 40:12), and every second of every day He holds the very atoms in your body together by His will (Col 1:17). He is the God of angel armies (Ps 84:8-9), who dwells in unapproachable light (1 Tim 6:16). Moses couldn’t even look directly at Him, lest He be immediately struck dead (Ex 33:18-20). When God described Himself to Moses, he said this…

The Lord, the Lord is a compassionate and gracious God, slow to anger and abounding in covenantal love and faithfulness, maintaining that love to a thousand generations, and forgiving iniquity, rebellion, and sin. But I will not leave the guilty unpunished…” (Exodus 34:6-7)

God’s patience with us has limits. There is judgment for sin and consequences for rejecting God’s covenant invitation. There is no indication anywhere but in our secular culture that God is soft on sin and inclined to overlook rebellion in His people. In this story, those who agreed (established a covenant) with the King to attend the wedding are now disregarding it. This depicts Israel’s disobedience in general and specifically their rejection of God’s Messiah. And God is not going to let that pass.

In the story, God punishes the would-be wedding guests with an avenging army. He utterly destroys them and burns their city. This is foreshadowing.

The Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans (AD 70)Not even 50 years later, in AD 70, God will send Roman armies to raze Jerusalem to the ground (including the temple), killing many of its inhabitants, and scattering others. The Jewish people – particularly the leadership – refused to recognize the promised Messiah and the inauguration of His Kingdom, bringing God’s wrath upon them in consequence.

5. The King broadens His invitation to include everyone

Then [the king] said to his servants, “The wedding feast is ready, but those invited were not worthy. Go therefore to the main roads and invite to the wedding feast as many as you find.” And those servants went out into the roads and gathered all whom they found, both bad and good. So, the wedding hall was filled with guests. (Matthew 22:8-10)

Wedding InvitationNot only is God judging Israel because they have rejected His invitation, but Jesus now pronounces an end to Israel’s exclusivity as God’s people. They have demonstrated that they are unworthy of their invitation to be ruled by King Jesus, so God will now extend that opportunity to the Judea and Samaria and even to the ends of the earth (Acts 1:8).

One obvious question this raises… What makes someone worthy (or unworthy) of God’s invitation to His Kingdom? Simply put, worthiness is determined by one’s response to the king’s invitation. Those who fail to respond are not worthy of the invitation. It doesn’t matter if they’re morally good or bad, rich or poor, Jew or Gentile, circumcised or uncircumcised. The king has one criterion and one criterion only: Do you accept my invitation to the wedding?

Allegorically, God wants to know, “Do you accept my Son?”

If you do, then you are worthy of God’s Kingdom.
If you do not, then nothing else in this world can secure you access to the banquet.

Jesus said, “I am the way, and the truth, and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me” (John 14:6). This is what He meant!

Back in the story…

The servants of the king are literally combing the main highways (where the most people possible can be found) inviting every person they can find to the wedding feast. Every homeless person, every prostitute, every unclean Gentile … people who have never before had much regard for the king … They are all now invited to the palace for the son’s wedding banquet. What an honor! Not one of these people could have earned this or deserved it. They’ve never even dreamed about something like this, but now they have it! And all they have to do to be “worthy” of it is to accept the king’s crazy generosity and head to the palace. Well, it’s almost the only thing, but we’ll get to that in a second.

Interpretively, this is the great turning point in redemption history. What the Jews thought was exclusively theirs because they are genetically descended from Abraham, we now learn is available to everyone. Anyone who accepts God’s invitation can now be a child of Abraham and a citizen in God’s Kingdom.

So, when the people in Jesus’ story hear this, they respond to the king’s invitation in droves, and they flock to the palace. This is clearly the opportunity of a lifetime, and nobody wants to miss out.

6. The King evaluates the guests and separates the prepared from the unprepared

But when the king came in to look at the guests, he saw there a man who had no wedding garment. And he said to him, “Friend, how did you get in here without a wedding garment?” But [the guest] was speechless. Then the king said to the attendants, “Bind him hand and foot and cast him into the outer darkness. In that place there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.” (Matthew 22:11-13)

Appropriate Wedding AttireThis parable has been full of surprises, and the end is no different. Many have now responded to the king’s expanded invitation, and it might be tempting to think that these people will live happily ever after. But Jesus throws us a curve ball at the end of the story. Not all of the guests are permitted to stay at the party. We have been working on the assumption that responding to the king’s invitation by showing up at the wedding feast is all that the king requires. But clearly, something more is necessary. Specifically, the king expects us to be appropriately dressed for the occasion. Those who aren’t – even though they have responded to the king’s invitation – are separated from the other guests and thrown out of the feast.

This reminds me of the parable of the four soils (Matthew 13:1-24) we studied back in the beginning of the series. The seed, which is the word of God, takes root in 3 of the 4 soils and looks good for a time, but in the end, only plants growing in the 4th soil ultimately bear fruit. Allegorically, only those who bear fruit are the children of God.

Similarly, in the parable of the wheat and the weeds (Matthew 13:25-43), which we studied two weeks ago, the wheat and the weeds grow up together and look the same for a long time, but in the end, only the wheat is kept in the harvest. The weeds are thrown out and burned. Allegorically, in the end, God Himself will separate those who are truly His from those who, despite their appearance, are “guilty of lawlessness.” Only the former will enter the Kingdom of Heaven.

This is a common theme in Jesus’ parables. Over and over again, Jesus teaches that He knows His own (e.g. John 10:27). And on the last day, when the King returns in His glory to rule over the earth, He will gather His people together into eternal life, but everyone who does not belong to Him will be turned away … because they have excluded themselves from His Kingdom.

Bringing it back to this parable… Jesus indicates that those who belong to him are the ones dressed in wedding garments. But what exactly does that mean?

Well, I think this is a great application question. So, let’s switch gears and make two points of application, the second of which will answer this question. And after that, we’ll close.

Application

Studying this parable, I think there are two commands contained in it. I’m going to zero in on these two ideas as our means of applying what we’ve studied today to our lives.

Jesus’ first command is very explicit. In v4, the king’s servants relay his command to his people, “Come to the wedding feast.” For us, this means that we must accept God’s invitation.

Accept God’s Invitation

RSVPEach of us must decide how we will respond to God’s invitation to participate in His Kingdom. In the parable, those who had a prior agreement with the king to attend the wedding feast didn’t respond well when the call finally came. This was Israel’s sin… Despite their incredible blessings and close proximity to God, they rejected God’s Messiah. The Jews should have been shoe-ins for life in the Kingdom, but they became complacent and distracted. They thought that they would enter life because they descended from Abraham and had circumcised bodies. Essentially, they thought they were in God’s club, so they were good to go. And that blinded them to their need for circumcised hearts – hearts that were wholly devoted to the King.

Here’s the application…  God forbid that it would ever be this way with us!

Accepting God’s invitation isn’t a matter of words or about ritualistic religious activity. It’s not about attending church or living a moral life or knowing the Scriptures well. All those things are important, but the Jewish leaders Jesus was rebuking in this parable did all these things really well. The problem was that their hearts had grown cold and their eyes had grown blind, and they no longer recognized God (Jesus!) even though He was standing right in front of them.

What God means when He bids us to accept His invitation is to respond to Him with our whole lives. He is not only our Savior, but our Lord and King. Don’t let the anything distract you from loving and pursuing Jesus this way. When we go off to work at our farms or our businesses, we must ask ourselves, are we considering the King? Work is good (and so are school and hobbies and sports and all manner of other activities), but only in their place. The question is: What would bring Him honor? Conversely, what would reject the King and bring Him insult? Do we think about these things when we make plans for our careers or our weekends? Do we consider these things when we decide where to live or what job to take or how to interact with the neighbors on our street? The Jews were God’s chosen people, and they blew right by the King’s invitation oblivious to their sin until the avenging armies showed up to burn down their city. This should be to us a cautionary tale.

Don’t let competing interests tempt you to wonder off and end up paying no attention to the King’s invitation. Don’t get taken in by the philosophies of this world, such that when God’s prophets come calling, you end up killing the messenger. That’s what happened to the king’s guests in this parable and it’s what happened to so many in Israel. And we would be foolish to think that it can’t happen to us. We must work out our salvation with fear and trembling. We must keep our eyes fixed on the King, and keep preaching the gospel to one another. And we must open our lives to godly men and women around us, and let them speak into us, because they will be able to spot idols encroaching on our souls long before we will be able to see them in ourselves.

In short, may there be no other kingdoms in our lives which threaten to compete with the Kingdom of the Living God!

Arrive properly dressed

Proper Wedding AttireSecondly, we must arrive at the wedding feast properly dressed. We saw in the story that only those who have not put on wedding garments are judged by the king to be unprepared for the wedding feast and are not permitted to stay. But what does this mean? How do we interpret this idea of a proper wedding garment?

Simply put, the only appropriate garment in which one can enter the Kingdom of Heaven is Jesus Himself.

This is another way of saying what we’ve already talked about: It’s meaningless to talk about coming to Jesus halfheartedly or alongside a bunch of other things. Coming to Jesus means exchanging our lives for His. We surrender to Him everything we are and all our plans to build our own kingdoms, and in exchange, He gives us Himself and His Kingdom. We put off ourselves, and we put on Christ.

Listen to how the Apostle Paul puts it in Romans…

The night is nearly over, and the day is near. So let us discard the deeds of darkness and put on the armor of light. Let us walk with decency, as in the daytime: not in carousing and drunkenness; not in sexual impurity and promiscuity; not in quarreling and jealousy. But put on the Lord Jesus, the Messiah, and make no plans to gratify the desires of the flesh. (Romans 13:12-14)

Putting on Jesus means we obey Jesus’ command to repent and believe. It means to turn away from sin. To forsake it. To treat your old life as if it were dead to you. And if I can use a gambling analogy in church … we put all your chips on Jesus. Trust Him with your whole life, everything that you are. If we die with Him, and He will give you a new life in Him, united to Him by the power of the Holy Spirit.

In a spiritual but very real sense that we can’t fully understand, the Christian life is a life of being joined together with Christ. We literally clothe ourselves in Jesus. And unless we are remade in this way – what Jesus called “being born again” (John 3:3) –, then we cannot enter the Kingdom of Heaven.

No gospel that effectively equates to fire insurance results in being clothed in Christ.

No attempt to paint a thin veneer of Jesus over a life that’s essentially all about me will be acceptable to God.

The Kingdom of Heaven costs us everything. God will not be satisfied dwelling in the house of your heart if several of its rooms are off limits to Him.

We can’t come to the wedding feast on our own terms dressed in a comfy old T-shirt and Bermuda shorts, and expect God to let us into the party. Don’t forget, we don’t deserve to be invited to this wedding feast. The king has exhibited incredible grace by inviting us. Let us be careful in how we respond, showing Him the honor of coming on His terms, not ours.

Conclusion

And with that, we’ll close. Just like the last parable, in the last line of our passage Jesus offers a single line of commentary to summarize the whole parable. He explains,

“For many are called, but few are chosen.” (Matthew 22:14)

You and every person you know has been invited to spend eternity living in the presence and under the magnificent rule of King Jesus. That is the greatest reward, the greatest reality you could possibly imagine. But sadly, only a few will come to Him to receive it.

Make sure you’re taking God’s invitation seriously. Even if you’ve been a Christian for many years, ask yourself, “Do I have any competing kingdoms in my life?” And if you’re new to all this… If you have never turned from your sin and trusted Christ by faith to give you an entirely new life, then you can do that right now. He knows your heart! Find me after the service, and we’ll talk.

But remember, you can’t come to God on your own terms. Clothe yourself in the Lord Jesus Christ. Surrender your old life and give yourself entirely to Him. I guarantee that you can trust Him with every single part of your world.

Here’s the deal… You have been chosen. You have a destiny that is more glorious than you can possibly imagine. So, get dressed and head for the palace. The time has come. The Kingdom of Heaven is at hand. And we are all invited to dine with the King.

Let’s pray.

Father, I get goosebumps talking about this stuff. It can be a hard message to talk about surrendering everything to you, but that’s only because we are so proud and so foolish and so enamored with tiny little things. The truth is that to trade everything we are for everything you desire to give us is an unimaginable bargain. Father, I ask that in the coming week, you would give each person in this room a vision of you that would take our breath away. Captivate us, Lord, with your goodness and your grace.

Thank you for your invitation to life in all its fullness.

Thank you for making it possible for us to come to you. For, as imperfect as we are, we do come.

And thank you for clothing us in the very person of your Son, who is our eternal King. It’s in your name, Jesus, that we pray.

Amen.


Image credit:
1) Kingdom Parables – Dan Pongetti, 300DPI
2) Parables summary / O&I slides – mine
3) Wedding reception – The Spruce
4) Wedding banquet hall – Isobel Sippel Studios
5) Royal Proclamation – Armorial Register
6) Angel Armies – Chip Borgden
7) Destruction of Jerusalem – Wikipedia
8) Wedding invitation – elegantweddinginvites.com
9) Inappropriate wedding attire – the Gentlemanual
10) RSVP – Every Event Gives
11) Proper wedding attire – theknot.com
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A Love Song Teleology

Love Song Tape

What kind of music do you listen to?

I’m an Apple Music guy, so I have access to a lot of tunes. But only 4 or 5 of my playlists get a real workout. Typically I’m listening to Christian music, or sometimes country. My son John is the only Filippino cowboy I know, so he generally asks to listen to country when we’re driving somewhere together. Perhaps my favorite playlist is my Christmas music list, but my wife insists that I can’t listen to that year round. And then occasionally, I get in the mood for secular music, so I have a secular playlist as well. Plus, when I’m working or studying at a McDonald’s or some other public place, they’re typically playing secular music in the background (except at Chick-Fil-A, which plays fantastic instrumental praise music).

A few months ago, I was studying at Culver’s, and The Way I Tend To Be by Frank Turner (weird video; don’t bother) shuffled up on restaurant’s radio. I was unfamiliar with the song, but it was catchy and upbeat, so I snagged it from Apple Music. And listening to it again, this time more carefully, it hit me… For the most part, this song could describe me and Jesus.

And since then, two things have happened… 1) Turner’s song has been a fixture on my secular playlist, and 2) every time some totally random, secular tune like Nothing’s Gonna Stop us Now (Starship) or Eternal Flame (Bangles) pops up at McDonald’s (or wherever), I think about whether or not it could apply to Jesus.

I suppose I might be heading around the bend in my middle age, but I’m tempted to make some kind of crazy far-reaching claim like, “For the Christian, every love song is ultimately about Jesus!”

Let’s think about it…

Most “love songs” aren’t really about love

Sheet Music with Red RoseIn our culture, we have totally redefined the word “love.” And quite for the worse, I might add. Among non-Christians, and sadly even among many Christians I know, “love” has become one of the most overused, undervalued and misunderstood words in the English language. Our culture’s unarticulated, unthinking, autopilot definition of “to love” typically bears no resemblance to how God would define it.

First, it might be something like…

love (v.) — 1. To make someone feel gooey and squishy and happy by gratifying their immediate desires or impulses.

Examples: “I know my husband loves me, because he makes me happy.” Or even better, “in order to claim that you love me, you must unquestioningly approve of my choices.”

Implication: when I don’t feel gooified (technical term!), then you must not be “loving” me very well. And to tell someone they’re wrong is quickly moving toward “hate speech.”

Or, second, it might be…

love (v.) — 2. To observe the beauty, value or usefulness of someone or something, and consume it for oneself.

Example: “I love my wife, because she is so fun and beautiful.” Or, “this is the best cheeseburger I’ve ever had; I love it!”

Implication: when your benefit to me runs out, then so does my “love” for you.

Love Song HeadphonesBad news, friends… Both of these definitions have very little to do with love. Desire, maybe. Lust, possibly. Self-gratification, for sure. So, every song that’s about how hot the girl is or how great the sex needs to be or how thoroughly some person meets my immediate needs or makes me feel good…  Every song about my gorging myself on personal gratification… Not one such song in fact has much if anything to do with love. And that, of course, means that not one of them could ever be about Jesus.

Rarely is Jesus terribly interested in making you feel sappy-gooey-wonderful today by playing to your self-gratification. Rarely is He that invested in your having an amazing fun-filled next Tuesday because you get your fill of earthly things. And Jesus never has been and never will be your genie in a bottle or vending machine, eager to produce trinkets on command. When God blesses us with material things or emotional highs, they are secondary at best. They’re byproducts of His higher, greater purposes for us. Jesus — amazing Lover that He is — knows that the best gift He could give anyone is … wait for it … Himself. That’s what eternal life actually is, after all — simply being with Jesus forever. And this is better by far than any material blessing or temporary emotional high. It’s not about what Jesus does for us, it’s about who He is with us, in us … and what we can be in Him.

God wants your desires to be fully satisfied. He wants you to drink your fill of joy. More than you know, actually. But He also knows that such satisfaction and joy can only come from gorging yourself on Him. Everything else is a highly dissatisfying, joy-destroying saccharin-laced substitute.

So, no, lust songs and self-gratification songs don’t apply to Jesus. But what about actual love songs?

Then what would qualify as a love song?

footwashingWe saw bad definitions of “love.” What would be a better one? How about this…

love (v.) — 1. To consider another’s needs to be more important than one’s own. To put you before me. To choose you, when it costs me to do so. To defer to your preferences over mine.

And at its deepest, truest, the-way-God-models-it level, loving someone means…

love (v.) — 2. To create (produce) beauty, value or usefulness in someone or something by pouring yourself into them, so that who you are / what you have is sacrificed for their benefit.

The world’s warped definitions of love focus on consuming others — taking from them for the my sake. Real love, on the other hand, prefers others and gives to them — produces in others for their sakes.

Worldly love endlessly consumes, because the longing in our hearts we’re attempting to fill is shaped like God (infinite), but we’re trying to fill it with earthly things (finite). Real love endlessly produces, because its source is God Himself (infinite). We were made to be filled by Him, not by anything He created, and then overflow to others. This is possible, because God is an infinite supply and fills abundantly — to overflowing.

So, if a song is about being filled, it is truly a love song only if the source of filling is Jesus. In other words, such a song can only legitimately be about Jesus. To come at another person or thing fixated on how I can benefit from consuming their value is a fool’s errand. Come at God. Partake of His infinite beauty and value, and He will create in you a spring of living water, which overflow to everyone around you (John 7:38). Then come at others with a heart that desires to fill them — not be filled by them. And then, counterintuitively, you will receive joy and satisfaction you cannot otherwise know. That’s love. And nobody does loves — real love — like Jesus.

Jesus as a Lover?

For some, this might be getting a little weird. For those who care about Jesus at all, it’s probably pretty easy to understand the concepts of a God who is Creator, Savior, Lord (King!) or Father. But Scripture is clear that God is preparing us as a bride for Himself (the Father for His Son; Matthew 22:1-14). As the old hymn-writer says, Jesus is the lover of your soul.

Lover of my SoulIt was love that motivated God the Son to become a man, live among us as we live, and suffer the shame and torture of a criminal’s death. It was love that motivated the very creation of the universe, and is the reason that God sustains it. Don’t think for a moment that God gets something He needs out any of this. There wasn’t a think wrong with God’s character or happiness or sense of fulfillment when it was just the Triune God alone together in themselves. But out of His great love for us, which cannot help but overflow into giving Himself away, that God created the universe and is redeeming it. And not just content to have secured a “not guilty” verdict for us, God is about the work of perfecting us. He will resurrect our bodies, will renew the cosmos that we inhabit, and has promised to set us up as kings and queens, sharing in His glory and reigning over a flawless resurrected universe.

But wait, you might say… God is acting out of the love of a King or a Father or an Artist when He does these things. Yes, He is. But He is also acting as a passionate Bridegroom. Everything we know or experience on earth that has anything to do with love exists because it is a reflection of God’s perfect way of loving – first, within the Trinity, and second, the way He loves us. Marriage, sex, family, brotherly affection, friendship … everything loving is a reflection of God’s loving. Not just fatherhood or the love of an artist for his masterpiece, though those are also in play.

Jesus didn’t say, “I go to prepare a club house for you” (as a father would for his beloved child) or “I go to prepare a museum for you” (as a sculptor would for his life’s great work). He said, “I go to prepare a place for you [in my Father’s house]. I will come again and will take you to myself, that where I am you may be also” (John 14:3). Wedding CoupleThis is speaking directly into the Jewish custom of the day. It is the language of a groom betrothed to his bride, who goes away for a year to add a room on to his father’s home, promising to return to sweep his bride off her feet, carry her away to their new home, consummate their marriage, and finally be with her forever in unparalleled intimacy. This isn’t the time to talk about the sexual aspects of marriage, though I really want to write about that someday, but still, we have little choice but to take Jesus at His word. He really does see us as His bride (e.g. John 3:29; Matt 9:15), and acts accordingly (e.g. Eph 5:25-27; Rev 19:7; Rev 21:2).

So in response, we need to treat Him as our Husband. He is the Prophet, the Priest, the King of the house. He is the Lover and Protector. He is the One who introduces us to His Father and proudly makes it clear… “This one’s with me … forever.”

This is the one for whom love songs are most definitely appropriate.

So, the next time you hear Ain’t No Mountain High Enough (Marvin Gaye) or Can’t Fight This Feeling (REO Speedwagon), or even as odd a song as Orange Sky (Alexi Murdoch), think about Jesus … whose whole life (and death) demonstrates the highest, truest form of love. If it’s real love you’re after, no one in this world compares to Him.

And that is worth singing about.

Love Song for a Savior

Beloved, let us love one another, for love is from God, and whoever loves has been born of God and knows God. Anyone who does not love does not know God, because God is love. In this the love of God was made manifest among us, that God sent his only Son into the world, so that we might live through him. In this is love, not that we have loved God but that he loved us and sent his Son to be the [One who turns away God’s wrath concerning] our sins.

Beloved, if God so loved us, we also ought to love one another. No one has ever seen God; if we love one another, God abides in us and his love is perfected in us. (1 John 4:7-12)


Image credit:
1) Love song tape – Theodyssey Online
2) Sheet music with rose – hkepci.com
3) Headphones – Mirchi Love
4) Footwashing – TheMennenite.org
5) Jesus quote – Dominindo
6) Wedding – The Social Lit
5) Woman playing guitar – StartMarriageRight.com
Posted in Theology | Tagged , , , , | 1 Comment

The Upside-Down Kingdom

A sermon manuscript for Matthew 20:1-16,
prepared for Life Bridge Community Church
(recorded audio | sermon notes | parables study tool handout)

Introduction

As you know, we have been working through Jesus’ nine parables about the Kingdom of God. We were blessed to have Dr. Michael Vanlaningham teaching us for the last few weeks. This week and next, I’ll be concluding this series, and then Pastor Bob returns on June 3rd. I hope you are continuing to pray for him and for his time away on sabbatical.

I think it would be helpful to begin today with a very brief update on our current progress through this series. Here’s a summary of the parables we’ve studied so far.

Kingdom Parables Summary Slide

We don’t have enough time to dwell on this or go into detail, but we’ll make this slide available from the website for your review on your own this week. In general, I hope you are beginning to see some patterns in these parables. For example, notice how King Jesus repeatedly expresses that He is growing His kingdom and will in the end separate those who are His from those who are not. In general, as you study these parables, you should be asking yourself, “What does this parable tell us about the King and His Kingdom?”

Today, we are studying the parable of the day laborers in Matthew 20.

An Introductory Hermeneutical Comment

Hermeneutics (n.) – a formalized approach to interpreting Scripture

Hermeneutics FunnyLike I said, before we dive into the text, I want to share a hermeneutical tool which will be useful in interpreting Jesus’ parables in general, and this parable in particular. An important question we must answer when interpreting parables is, “How deeply do I dig into the details of the story for the lessons its teaching?” We need guidelines for determining which details are important.

For example, in the parable we’re going to look at today, Jesus explains that a landowner goes to the marketplace several times throughout the day to recruit day laborers to work in his vineyard. We could ask all kinds of questions about this, such as:

  • Why a vineyard and not a wheat field?
  • What is the significance of the specific times or the number of times he goes to the marketplace?
  • What does owning a vineyard say about the social status of the owner?
  • Etc.

But are these good questions? Is Jesus intending for us to delve into these details and search for meaning in them? I contend (and most scholars agree) that he does not. These details are just part of a good story.

To determine which details are important and how deep we should dig, here is a useful guideline:

The key lesson(s) taught through a parable
are closely linked to the key character(s).

In other words, it is typically recommended that we extract one or two principles associated with each of the main characters in a parable, and understand the other details of the story to be the background or context for these characters’ interactions.

So, with that said, let’s pray and then dive into the Parable of the Day Laborers.

Prayer for Illumination

Father, we are so thankful for your word and for the opportunity to gather together around it as your people. Would you open our eyes to see what you have for us today? Speak to us clearly, so that we may understand your will and your ways. Strengthen us, so that we may be obedient and faithful to do what you command. Give us grace to trust you in all things.

Thank you for your Spirit, who reveals truth to us, including the interpretation of parables and the illumination of your word in general. Do that work for us today, and be glorified in our time together.

We pray these things, knowing that you hear us and love us and give us all good things in Jesus. It’s in His name that we pray.

Amen.

The Parable of the Day Laborers

Vineyard Workers

Open your bibles with me to Matthew 20:1-16, and follow along, as I read from the ESV…

The kingdom of heaven is like a master of a house who went out early in the morning to hire laborers for his vineyard. After agreeing with the laborers for a denarius a day, he sent them into his vineyard. And going out about the third hour he saw others standing idle in the marketplace, and to them he said, “You go into the vineyard too, and whatever is right I will give you.” So, they went. Going out again about the sixth hour and the ninth hour, he did the same. And about the eleventh hour he went out and found others standing. And he said to them, “Why do you stand here idle all day?” They said to him, “Because no one has hired us.” He said to them, “You go into the vineyard too.”

When evening came, the owner of the vineyard said to his foreman, “Call the laborers and pay them their wages, beginning with the last, up to the first.” And when those hired about the eleventh hour came, each of them received a denarius. Now when those hired first came, they thought they would receive more, but each of them also received a denarius. And on receiving it they grumbled at the master of the house, saying, “These last worked only one hour, and you have made them equal to us who have borne the burden of the day and the scorching heat.” But he replied to one of them, “Friend, I am doing you no wrong. Did you not agree with me for a denarius? Take what belongs to you and go. I choose to give to this last worker as I give to you. Am I not allowed to do what I choose with what belongs to me? Or do you begrudge my generosity?”

So, the last will be first, and the first last.

Master of the House: Observations and Interpretation

The first character we meet in the story is the master of the house. He’s the main character and represents God Himself. I’d like to make two observations about him.

Observations

1. The Master of the House aggressively seeks laborers for his vineyard.

The master of the house is ostensibly a wealthy landowner. He needs workers to help him tend his vineyard. Like any agricultural endeavor, it’s a seasonal business, so he doesn’t employ workers year-round. Instead, he hires them only when he needs them – a few days at a time, mostly during planting and harvesting.

It was common in Jesus’ day to visit the town’s marketplace to hire these kinds of workers. The “marketplace” was the 1st century’s equivalent to classified ads. Workers would be hired in the morning, work through the day, and (if their employer obeyed the Mosaic law) be paid at the end of each day. They may or may not be hired again the next day, but there is no long-term arrangement. This is strictly temp work for a single day.

In 1st century Israel, the workday was 12 hours long, lasting from 6am (roughly sun-up) to 6pm (roughly sun-down). So, when the bible mentions the hours of the day (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc), it is a means of counting through the 12 hours of the workday, beginning at 6am.

The Jewish Workday

As you can see on the diagram, the master of the house goes out repeatedly throughout the day (marked by red diamonds). He even makes a final attempt in the 11th hour, almost at the end of the work day. These frequent trips to the market were very unusual, so it’s clear that he is aggressively seeking laborers. He could have gone out once in the early morning (or for that matter, not at all), but instead he chooses to spend his whole day recruiting. He is obviously quite invested in giving the most people possible the opportunity to work.

2. The Master of the House pays his laborers in an unexpected way.

Denarius

Silver Denarius ca71 AD, Roman Imperial Vespasian

Notice in v2 that when the master goes out early in the morning to find workers, he agrees with the first batch on a wage. This was also very common. A denarius was commonly paid as the wage for a day’s labor. It was about US$90 in today’s terms. As the day wears on, however, the master of the house ceases to name a specific number. Instead, he agrees to pay them “whatever is right” or “fair.” This would have been considered unusual. But the laborers evidently take the man at his word – he must have had a good reputation – that he will pay them fairly, and they head off to work. So it’s not until evening comes, when the master of the house prepares to pay the laborers, that things start to get exciting.

As we see in v8, the master lines up the workers to be paid from the last hired to the first, which strikes us as odd, if not wrong. Surely the guys who have been sweating all day in the hot sun would have the honor of lining up first, getting their wages, and getting home to their families, right? But the master doesn’t do that. Instead, he intentionally organizes them in a way that doesn’t make sense to his listeners in order to create a teachable moment.

Then, in a shocking move, the master of the house pays all his laborers the same wage, regardless of how long they’ve worked (see vv9-10). And this is where the trouble begins. But we’ll save that for when we discuss the day laborers. For the moment, our concern is to interpret the master’s actions.

Speaking of which, let’s get to it. There are three points of interpretation I’d like to make…

Interpretation

1. God is actively seeking citizens for His Kingdom

Father Runs to Prodigal Son

God is not hiding. He’s not passive. He’s not playing games or being cryptic. The Psalmist writes that the heavens declare the glory of God (Psalm 19). The Apostle Paul wrote that God has made Himself obvious throughout creation (Rom 1:20). The author of Hebrews said, “Long ago God spoke to the fathers by the prophets at different times and in different ways. But in these last days, He has spoken to us by His Son [who is] the radiance of God’s glory and the exact expression of His nature” (Heb 1:1-3). We even have the Scriptures – God’s word in written form, readily available and accurately preserved. What more could we ask?!

Like a loving father who desires to be reconciled with his lost children or a bridegroom passionate about His bride, God pursues us. In Jesus’ parable, God relentlessly comes to people and draws them to Himself. In the same way, He is calling each of us. From the earliest moments of human history to the very last hour before Jesus comes again someday, God is seeking worshippers and children and citizens who will live under the rule of His Son Jesus in His Kingdom. That’s the kind of God He is.

And a side note… If you haven’t personally responded to Him, if you aren’t sure you’re a citizen of God’s Kingdom, don’t leave today until you’ve settled that important issue. Come talk to me or any or the pastors or elders about it. Don’t leave without coming to Jesus!

2. God’s Kingdom is revealed in the whole story (not just in the denarius)

It’s easy to read this story and identify the Kingdom of Heaven with the wages paid to the workers. That’s partially correct, but the denarius isn’t the whole story. Jesus didn’t say that “the Kingdom of God is like a denarius that is paid to day laborers…” He said the Kingdom of God is like this whole story.

We have to navigate several dangers here. We don’t want to read this story as if Jesus is describing the Kingdom of Heaven as a reward for our work, as if, somehow, we could earn salvation by our labor in the vineyard. That is not at all what this story is about.

We should also avoid translating “work” in the story to directly mean “work” in God’s kingdom. This parable is meant to be an allegory about what it means to walk with God and live as a citizen of His kingdom. In the allegory, the great blessing God gives to us is not just the denarius, it’s also the “work” itself. To work for the master of the house is, allegorically speaking, to live under the rule and reign of King Jesus, which is life the way it was meant to be. It is inherently, exceedingly, incomprehensibly valuable in its own right, and we should be just as eager to attain it as God is to offer it to us.

My point is that we need to look at the whole story, including the work in the vineyard, which represents life in God’s Kingdom.

And that brings us back to the question of how we interpret the master’s approach to paying the workers. As we saw, he pays each of them the same wage, regardless of how much they worked. This would have scandalized Jesus’ listeners, just like it does us. It just doesn’t seem right. And so, it prompts what I think is the key interpretive question for this parable…

The 800lb gorilla in the room is this question: Is God fair?

The 800lb Gorilla slide

This isn’t necessarily an easy question. I would say the answer is more complicated than a simple yes and no. So, let’s dig into it. I would start by confidently stating that God is unequivocally fair.

3. God is perfectly right in the way He responds to us

God is 100% perfectly just and righteous. There isn’t a single blemish or hint of corruption anywhere on His record. Every judgment He makes or has ever made about anything has been perfect and flawless.

But God’s dealing with us (like the master’s dealing with his workers) doesn’t appear to be fair, because in effect there’s a character missing from the story: Jesus Himself. If we leave out Jesus, then our works always earn their commiserate rewards. Specifically, the wages of sin is death (Rom 6:23). But Jesus changes everything. In the Kingdom of Heaven, God deals scrupulously fairly with us in Jesus.

God has meticulously accounted for every thought and every action ever undertaken by every human being who has ever lived. Sadly, most of these are crimes against Him (what Scripture calls “sin”), and not one stone will be left unturned by God in punishing those crimes. But the good news is that, for the one who belongs to Jesus, every ounce of the punishment we deserve for our sin has been poured out on Him instead of us. Jesus willingly, lovingly, astonishingly takes our place – if we allow Him to. And if He has taken our punishment on Himself, then when God turns to us, there is no account left to settle, no sins left to punish, no wrath left to pour out. Instead, the Father can welcome us into His family and invite us to dine with Him at His table. His response to us is entirely grace, always love, and lavishing us with good and undeserved gifts.

Because Jesus pays for our sins in our place, God gives all His children the same undeserved grace, regardless of our work or our circumstances. In the terms of the parable…

  • The work of the laborers is our participation in the Kingdom – it’s our worshipping God and walking with God and yes, working for God.
  • The denarius the laborers receive is the amazing grace God gives to us, not because of our labor – whether 1 hour or 12 – but because of Jesus.

Slide - Master of the House summarySo, yes, God is fair. And God is gracious. In this way, He is perfectly right in the way He responds to us: with both justice and grace. This is our third interpretive statement about the master of the house.

Day Laborers: Observations and Interpretation

Okay, that’s the master of the house. But he isn’t the only character in this story. Let’s talk about the laborers. What do we observe about them? Again, I have two comments I’d like to make.

Observations

1. The laborers all start out grateful.

The 6-7am crowd was thrilled to sign up to work for the landowner for a denarius. And after that, the workers continued to flock into the vineyard all day long, trusting the master of the house to do right by them. They all want to work, some probably desperately. We can imagine – as the hour grew later – that people would come to the marketplace with less and less hope that work would be found. And so, we can also imagine their gratitude each time the master appeared and offered yet another batch of workers fair wages to work the rest of the day.

But their gratitude didn’t last.pouty_face

2. The laborers end up grumbling.

They may have started out grateful, but many ended up grumbling. Look at vv9-12…

When those hired about the eleventh hour came, each of them received a denarius. Now when those hired first came, they thought they would receive more, but each of them also received a denarius. And on receiving it they grumbled at the master of the house, saying, “These last worked only one hour, and you have made them equal to us who have borne the burden of the day and the scorching heat.”

When they applied their earthly sense of fairness to the situation, the master’s actions didn’t live up to their expectations, so they accused him of injustice. The workers were comparing themselves to one another and climbing over each other to get what they perceived to be their due.

We know our rights! This isn’t fair! How dare you mistreat us this way!

But the master of the house confidently responds that he has done no wrong. See vv13-14a…

He replied to one of them, “Friend, I am doing you no wrong. Did you not agree with me for a denarius? Take what belongs to you and go.”

And he’s right. The first laborers, who worked all day in his fields, were paid exactly what they had agreed to, and the rest were paid more than fairly, even generously. The master of the house has indeed kept his word. The problem is that, as soon as the other laborers saw the last workers get a full denarius, they secretly changed the deal in their hearts. The master of the house promised them something, but they took in their surroundings and engaged their earthly wisdom to set aside his word and upgrade their expectations.

Interpretation

How should we interpret this? What does this say about us, about Jesus and about His Kingdom?

I think the big take-away here is that the God’s kingdom functions according to different rules than we might be tempted to believe. It’s a kingdom that, from our earthly perspective, is upside-down. We can’t judge God’s ways by our earthly perspective any more than the laborers could rightly judge the master of the house by theirs. Participation in the Kingdom of God means an upside-down approach to life.

I realize that this is a very broad and general conclusion. Learning to live differently in light of God’s Kingdom is the Spirit’s life-long work of sanctification in us. For our purposes this morning, I think the question is: What are the specific applications of this concept that flow from this particular parable?

Slide - Laborer summaryI see two, which are closely linked to the two rhetorical questions the master of the house asks the laborers at the end of the parable. We’ll consider these two points of application as our take-aways from this message, and then we’ll close.

Application

1. Surrendering our Judgments to God’s Authority

Look at vv14b-15a. Still in character, the master of the house asks the laborers who are grumbling against him,

“I want to give this last man the same as I gave you. Is it not fitting for me to do what I want with what is mine?” (my translation).

Funny JudgeCan’t you just hear the incredulity in this response? The master is displeased and somewhat amazed at his workers’ wrongheadedness. He fulfilled his promise to all these workers and was in most cases very generous, but they’re grumbling instead of being grateful. They think they know better than he does.

This story should hit pretty close to home. We all do this. It’s so easy to think we know better than God does, though we’d likely never admit it out loud. It’s easy to exert our earthly wisdom to determine what’s generous or right or fair, even though we know so very little about the world around us, when it comes right down to it. When something happens that hurts us or which we don’t like, we can think, “If I was in charge, things would be different!” That is dangerous and foolish thinking. God is preeminent and sovereign. Everything belongs to Him, including you and me, and He is perfectly justified in doing whatever He pleases with what is His. That’s not only His right as the all-powerful Creator of the universe, but the fact is that whatever He chooses to do is inherently just and fair by definition, because God Himself defines justice and fairness by His actions.

It’s God’s job to rule the universe, not ours. Our role is to submit to Him. If we want to participate in the Kingdom of God… If we want Kingdom citizenship… Then we have to be comfortable with an absolute monarchy. Jesus is a sovereign, all-powerful King who loves you and would adopt you into His family, but He’s a sovereign, all-powerful King nonetheless. We can’t have your own little kingdoms or our own little standards for goodness on the side. If we try, then they become competitors to His rule, and that won’t turn out well. We don’t get to exert your own authority or assumptions or aspirations about how the universe should work. It is fitting and proper for God to do whatever He pleases with what is His.

So, the question is, “Will we surrender our judgments to God’s authority?

White FlagThe Kingdom of Heaven is only fit for those who will.

Keep in mind… It’s not just that in any battle, God always wins, so it’s foolish to contend with Him. But we should want God to win. We must choose to believe that God is good and right in everything He does. This is an exercise in training our minds to align with reality. Compared to a great many of our earthly judgments and perceptions, reality is upside-down.

  • It may seem like a good idea to prefer my judgment over His, but it’s not.
  • Sin may seem attractive, but it will actually destroy you.
  • Your circumstances may seem particularly undesirable, but the truth is that everything that comes to us passes through the hands of the all-powerful, all-wise Father who loves us.
  • It may seem like you have to be better or work harder for God to love you, but you don’t.
  • It may seem like you can’t be happy or can’t change, but you can.

I could go on and on, but the point is that we have to surrender our judgments and declare God to be right. And that is great news, because we are not wise. Only God is wise. Only God is a perfectly just judge, and only Jesus can be King. Stop trying to figure everything out, and just run to Him. Stop letting your heart overrule Him. You have to lead your heart! Trust His word … do what it says … no matter what it costs. No one whose hope is in Him will ever be put to shame!

Okay, last point of application…

Surrendering our “evil eye” to God’s Goodness

Covetousness Evil EyeThe other half of v15 is the master’s second rhetorical question. He asks, “Do you begrudge my generosity?” (ESV). Nearly every translation I consulted renders this phrase differently. So, again, I’ve created my own translation, which is what you see on the screen.

The first half of the question is an idiom in the original Greek, and the word translated “generosity” in the ESV is simply the word for “goodness.” Literally translated, the question would be,

“Is your eye evil because I am good?” (my translation)

To say that one’s eye is “evil” means that he is perceiving something in the world around him, and choosing to respond to it in a sinful way. So, what the master of the house is really asking here is a corollary to his previous question,

“Are you responding sinfully to my goodness? To my generosity?” (my alternate translation)

The problem with the workers’ response is two-fold. We already saw that they were standing in judgment, wrongly, over the master of the house. But they are also wrongly comparing themselves to one another. Instead of being grateful for the work opportunity, or (gasp!) being happy for someone else with whom the master had been exceedingly generous, they’re grumbling and making accusations. Why?

Because everybody wants to be first.

back-of-the-lineAren’t we all like that? I want my way. I want what’s mine. I have to look out for #1. But that isn’t how life in the Kingdom of God works. Kingdom life is upside-down. We don’t call “unjust” what God has called “good,” and we don’t focus on our wants and needs while ignoring the wants and needs of others. We learn to love … to put others before ourselves. God’s children should be the most generous and loving and deferential people in the world. Unity should be our hallmark, precisely because we know how to love. You want Coke when I prefer Pepsi? Then I buy Coke, because I’m thinking of you. You like hymns when I prefer praise choruses? Because I love you, I’m voting that we look into used pipe organs. You want pizza tonight when I’d rather have tacos? Because I love you, I already have your favorite pizza joint on speed dial. Whatever the details of the moment, we are called to be citizens of a different Kingdom … a kingdom in which we take joy in getting to the back of the line, in seeing others ahead of us. It’s a kingdom that, compared to this world, is upside-down.

And by the way, if we learn to love like that, the world will beat down our doors to get even a taste of heaven.

So, the question is, “Will you surrender your ‘evil eye’ to God’s goodness?” Will you agree with him about what is good? Will you train your eyes to look at the world the way Jesus does and your hands and feet to do the things Jesus did? Because what He did, and what He wants us to imitate Him in doing, is to love our neighbors as ourselves.

This is the hallmark of the Kingdom of Heaven.

Conclusion

We’ll end here, because it’s where Jesus ended. Look at the last verse in our passage (v16). Having concluded His parable, He offers His listeners a single line of commentary. Jesus concludes by saying,

“So… In this manner… Those who are last will be first, and those who are first [will be] last.”

Whoever tries to claw their way to the front of the line, God will make sure that they end up last. When we grumble against God for exerting His sovereign authority, or call “evil” what He calls “good,” or fail to love others because our eyes are fixed on ourselves, then we sin and move away from God’s heart. We set ourselves at odds with God’s Kingdom. But conversely, in the end, King Jesus, with perfect justice and perfect grace, will move to the front of the line everyone who has surrendered their own kingdom to be ruled by Him.

And we will find on that day that, all along, this world was upside-down.

upside-down-castle

Let’s pray…

Father, your love is amazing! Your grace is enough! Your justice is utterly perfect. We confess by faith today what we cannot always see with our eyes: that you are good and everything you do is right … and that someday, you will be glorified in a way that is unmistakable and indisputable, when you return to reign on the earth in glory.

Jesus, we wait eagerly for that day, but let us not wait passively or question you because you have required patience from us as we wait. Instead, let us be quick to obey your word, to love you and to love those you’ve placed around us. Settle this teaching in our hearts that it may be at work every day in our lives, that the world may see you in us and find you through us.

It’s in your name, Jesus, God’s great Messiah, the King of kings, that we pray.

And all God’s people said…

Amen.


Image credit:
1) Kingdom Parables – Dan Pongetti, 300DPI
2) Parables summary / O&I slides – mine
3) Herm-a-what? – Jeff Davis blog
4) Workers in a vineyard – SmileWithFamily
5) Denarius – Ma-shops
6) Father runs to prodigal son – maasbach.com
7) 800lb gorilla – Daily Kos
8) Pouty face – gracelakeville.org
9) Funny judge – bankruptcy-law-seattle.com
10) White flag – Huffington Post
11) Covetous eye – Regeneration, Repentance and Reformation
12) Back of the line – Greg Schwem
13) Upside-down castle – housebeautiful.com
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The Night Before Jesus Died

Maundy Thursday

Today is Maundy Thursday, also called Holy- or Covenant Thursday. It is celebrated every Thursday before Easter to commemorate the “maundy” Jesus gave His disciples on that night many centuries ago — the night before Jesus died.

What is a “maundy”?

The word comes from the Latin term, used in the Vulgate — a 4th century translation of Scripture that was very popular all the way into the middle ages — to translate the Greek word ἐντολή, which in English we translate, “command” or “commandment.” The term is lifted from the first word in the Vulgate (Latin) translation of John 13:34, “Mandatum novum do vobis ut diligatis invicem sicut dilexi vos.” In the ESV, “A new commandment I give to you, that you love one another.” But more popularly, the term has come to mean “the washing of the feet,” because it was just before this passage in John 13 that Jesus washed the disciples’ feet (John 13:3-15). He then instructs them to follow His example and serve one another. Then, “I am going away and you can’t come with me right now…” — I’m paraphrasing — “… but a new command (maundy) I give you, that you love one another, as I have just demonstrated by washing your feet.”

But I’m getting ahead of myself. Let’s back up to John 13:1.

A few hours earlier…

Jesus knew He was going to die. It was for this reason that He came to this world and became a man (John 12:27). He was well aware that these were His last few hours of freedom, and that in less than a day, He would be hanging on a cross, becoming a curse for us (Gal 3:13) so that we might become the righteousness of God (2 Cor 5:21). Therefore,  Jesus decides to gather His disciples together for a final, very intentional meal.

I’d like to use John 13-17 (with some support from Luke) to get a sense of what was on Jesus’ mind as He gathered His disciples for the final time. What was important to Him as He prepared to go to the cross for you and me?

What was Jesus thinking about the night before He died?

1) He wanted to glorify His Father by completing the mission

Now is the Son of Man glorified, and God [the Father] is glorified in Him. If God [the Father] is glorified in [the Son], [the Father] will also glorify [the Son] in Himself, and glorify Him at once. (John 13:31-32)

Jesus, the Eternal Son and Second Person of the Divine Trinity, being in His very nature God of gods, did not consider that reality something to be protected or exploited or clung to. Instead, He humbled Himself, stepping down off His eternal throne, to become a man, and walk among His creatures. He got hungry. He got tired. He got dirty. He was abused and despised by other people (those He Himself had created, and for whom He had come to die). He humbled himself to the point of death, even death on a cross — a Roman instrument of torture, reserved for slaves and anarchists. Jesus came to earth on a mission. Not just to be one of us, but to die in place of us — to become the very curse of death that is the wages for our disobedience and rebellion (Phil 2:5-8, paraphrased and amplified).

And all that would be amazing enough, but Jesus did not only come to that first Maundy Thursday to complete the work God had set before Him, but He did so knowing that it would bring great glory to His Father, and to Himself as well. Exactly because He is God, He lovingly stepped down into our cesspool of a world, in order to rescue us from ourselves, draw us to Himself, take us with Him into death, and then rise again (with us still along for the ride) to eternal victory and glory. There was an exaltation awaiting Jesus that night which was beyond even being the Eternal Son, who is King over a world of those who rebel against Him, break His law and desecrate His cosmos. Jesus’ ultimate glory lay in becoming the exalted King over a renewed world full of redeemed worshippers … a King uncontested and with a name above any other conceivable name. (Phil 2:9-11, paraphrased and amplified)

This is the great glory of divine love: redemption and rescue … the transfer of helpless slaves to sin in the kingdom of darkness into a new reality in which they become adopted and beloved children in the Kingdom of God’s one and only Son. (Col 1:13)

Jesus at table

2) He wanted to be with His friends and teach them one last time

Now before the Feast of the Passover, when Jesus knew that His hour had come to depart out of this world to the Father, having loved His own who were in the world, He loved them to the end. (John 13:1)

This is only one of the many prescribed meals during the Passover festival. In fact, Passover wouldn’t really start in earnest until Saturday, but Jesus was still very much looking forward to it (Luke 22:15). If you knew you were going to die tomorrow, wouldn’t you too want to spend tonight with friends and family eating a dinner that carried special significance? That’s what Jesus did too. He gathered His disciples, His dearest friends and companions, around a table, and shared a meal that had deep, highly-significant roots in the hearts and minds of the Jewish people.

But then, He did the unexpected… He radically updates its meaning.

The Maundy: Washing the Feet

Jesus washes feetIt was traditional in their day to wash your feet before eating, and Jesus took the opportunity to teach His first lesson for the evening. Even though He is God and their Rabbi, He disrobed and washed their feet — serving them in a profoundly-culturally-upside-down way. And then He exhorted them NOT that they should now reciprocate by washing His feet, but rather that they should wash one another’s feet (John 13:1-20). This was completely revolutionary. Notice that nowhere in this picture does the Master’s feet get washed. That’s just crazy!

And in an instant, Jesus totally redefines leadership. He completely overturns all socially-accepted power structures, and commands His followers simply to demonstrably love one another. If you want to be like Jesus, who left heaven for the cross, then love and serve one another. It’s not about getting your own way. It’s about getting a towel, getting on your knees, and washing muddy camel crap off the other person’s smelly feet. That’s the way life works in the Kingdom of heaven.

As an aside, Jesus can’t get through this lesson without Peter sticking His newly-washed foot in his mouth. But that’s a whole different matter, which I wrote about in another setting, if you’re interested.

The Lord’s Supper

Lords SupperThe next thing Jesus does is to institute the sacrament of the Lord’s Supper (see Luke 22:19-23). In a very profound move, Jesus redefines the elements of the Passover meal. The bread and wine have always commemorated God’s loving, gracious work on behalf of His people, but the reality, Jesus says, is that every person who has partaken of that meal in its hundreds of years of history has actually been anticipating Jesus. Yes, God rescued His people from Egypt and from the avenging angel of death because of the blood of the Passover lamb (Exodus 12). Yes, he fed them in the wilderness with manna from heaven (Exodus 16). But all this was just foreshadowing. The Lamb who takes away the sins of the world (John 1:29) is the One dipping bread in the wine around this table with twelve broken Jewish men who are about to learn just how scary it is to cross the Roman empire … and then learn just how glorious it is to be indwelled and empowered by the Spirit of the Living God.

Jesus doesn’t really change the meal or somehow discard it or its meaning. Quite the opposite, in fact. He reveals its ultimate meaning. He shows how it is fulfilled in Himself. (Kinda like the Law, but we’ll save that discussion for another time.) Everything about this meal … every time the disciples eat it, ever again, it will remind them of Jesus, who the very next day would die in the act of redeeming them from their sin. Jesus calls His followers for all time in all placers to this meal of remembrance. And we celebrate it even to this day.

3) He wanted to assure the disciples that He wasn’t leaving them behind

“Don’t be afraid,” Jesus says, “I am going ahead of you, so that I can bring you to myself.” (John 14:1-14, paraphrased)

Jesus knows that it is going to be very difficult for the disciples for their mentor and friend of three years — the One they know to be God’s Messiah who will restore Israel — to be viciously mocked and brutally executed the next day. They are, no doubt, going to wonder how they could have been so deceived. How could God’s Messiah be slaughtered on a Roman cross? How does that make any sense of the Scriptures they’ve trusted for so long and which this Man, Jesus, taught with such great authority? Heck, by morning, Peter (2nd in command!) will be calling down curses and swearing he’s never seen Jesus before in his life. Things, to say the least, are not going to go well tomorrow (see John 18).

Adoption

So, part of Jesus’ motivation for this dinner is to reassure them, “It’s not going to be what it looks like.” Yes, I’m leaving, but I will not leave you forever. I will not leave you as orphans, I will come for you. And the next time I leave, I’m taking you with me (John 14:18-19). Later, the Apostle Paul would talk about God’s adopting us as children (Rom 8:14–17; Gal 4:4-7), but in a sense he’s just providing commentary on Jesus’ words on this night.

Marriage

BetrothalIn truth, the primary metaphor Jesus uses here is marriage imagery, the language of betrothal. He’s going away like a groom goes away, having been betrothed to his bride-to-be, to prepare for their future life together.

Why does he leave? To go to his father’s house and build a room — to prepare a place — where he and his bride can live forever together. Having prepared that room, he will return with his entourage, claim his bride, whisk her away with him, and then she will always be with her lord.

This is exactly what Jesus is preparing to do with His disciples (and us). Having made the promise of everlasting life together to His “bride” — the Church, His people — Jesus is preparing to go away for a brief time to prepare a room in His Father’s great mansion. But He will return, and when He does, they (and we) will never be separated from our Beloved ever again (John 14:1-3). More than that, the disciples can be absolutely certain that this is true for two reasons. First, they know Jesus, who is Himself the way (and the truth and the life) to that place. He Himself is their access to God’s house and to life eternal, as He explains to them (John 14:4-7). And second, Jesus promises to send the Holy Spirit as the downpayment, guaranteeing this eternal life He’s promising (Eph 1:14).

And the Sending of the Holy Spirit

The other reason Jesus is leaving, is to re-ascend the throne (now as both God and man; when He left it, He was God only; this is part of the glory of God’s plan) and be seated at the right hand of the Father to rule (Heb 10:12; Eph 1:20; 1 Pet 3:22). From that position, He will send to us another Counselor, the Holy Spirit, who will always be with us (John 14:16). In fact, He will dwell in you (John 14:17). It is certainly clear that the disciples struggled to understand Jesus’ teaching, but the Holy Spirit, from within this time, will testify about me and teach you all things and bring to your remembrance all that I (Jesus) have ever said to you (John 14:26, 15:26-27). He will always comfort and counsel us, always empower us to live the life of freedom from sin that Jesus died and rose again to provide, and He will guide us into all truth (John 16:13).

A serious (and seriously needed) upgrade!

4) He wanted to strengthen His followers’ faith

I have said all these things to you to keep you from falling away. (John 16:1)

No way there’s room enough in one post to unpack all of these, so I’ll just send them at you rapid fire. I recommend studying them yourselves…

  • John 15:1-17 – I (Jesus) am the Vine, you are the branches. You must abide in me to have life. I will prune you, but don’t be afraid of that; it’s for your good. To become more like me is more greatly to be valued than anything this world could possibly offer you, including a false sense of temporary comfort.
  • John 13:34-35; 15:12-17 – A new command I give you, that you love one another. Wash each other’s feet. Lay down your lives for one another. To be first in the Kingdom of Heaven, you must be the servant of all. (Matt 20:26; Mark 9:35)
  • John 15:18-25; 16:2-4 – Just as the world hated me, it will hate you. More about this in a second, but suffice it to say that if your life is easy and you fit right in in this world, there is probably something terribly wrong. The mantra of the Christ-follower is sanctification over safety, calling over comfort. It’s not about easy street, it’s about golden streets … forever. Don’t get distracted.
  • John 16:25ff – As we said, things will get difficult after Jesus ascends. But the disciples must stand firm in the face of persecution Jesus knows is coming (John 16:16ff). Yes, they’re going to hate you and hurt you, but don’t be afraid, don’t give up. I’ll send you the Counselor, and He will give you all the resources you need to get through. Plus, the real battle will be fought tomorrow on the cross. It’s going to hurt, but all the battles after that are just cleanup skirmishes. “In this world you will have tribulation. But take heart; I have overcome the world” (John 16:33). Trust the King. Every knee will bow.

(A related post you might find interesting.)

5) He wanted to talk to His Father

Father, the hour has come; glorify your Son that the Son may glorify you, since you have given Him authority over all flesh, to give eternal life to all whom you have given Him. And this is eternal life, that they know you, the only true God, and Jesus Christ whom you have sent. (John 17:1b-3)

The whole of John 17 is devoted to one of the most amazing chapters in all of Scripture. Here is the longest, most detailed prayer we ever hear Jesus pray. He lets us listen in, for our benefit, but this is really a moment between Him and His Father — a rare glimpse into the shared heart and mind of the Eternal Trinity.

Jesus said,

  • Father, I have glorified you by completing the mission; now I’m coming home.
  • I have succeeded in our plan, leaving no aspect of it incomplete.
  • They carry a precious treasure the world does not understand; they no longer belong to the world, but to us, so set them apart and protect them until they come home to us
  • I desire your fame and glory to multiply throughout the cosmos!
  • I’m so excited that I have your love and you have mine and they have ours, and we can all be together.
  • It has been my privilege, Dad, to make you known.

Father Son TalkSo, as God sent Jesus into the world to love it and serve it and redeem it … to make His life a ransom for many (Mark 10:45). So also, Jesus, that first Maundy Thursday, was sending the first apostles … and through them, He is sending us. For our sakes, Jesus set Himself apart, choosing to become a man and die as a criminal and be raised as the King — the King greater than whose glory none can be conceived. He did that so that we too may be set apart in truth … to be made like Him … little Messiahs … Christ-ians. (John 17:18, paraphrased and amplified)

Don’t let Maundy Thursday be just another day. Remember the Lord. Remember the mission He’s given us. Remember the bread and the wine. And remember the command: Love one another.

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The Giver Himself is the True Gift

To the Christian, specifically my fellow seminary students…
A sermon manuscript on Deuteronomy 8:1-20, prepared for one of my homiletics classes at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School

Sitting with Jesus

Introduction

Have you ever interacted with really spoiled children? I feel like I’m starting to see kids everywhere who just demand things from their parents and who seem to exhibit no gratitude or respect for them. They want something, and they scream or whine until they get it. Then once they have what they want, they radiate an “it’s about time you got around to that” attitude. They have so much, but they haven’t developed the character to handle all the blessing in their lives. It’s tough to watch.

Our passage today has a lot to say about situations like that, actually – about receiving gifts well and about kids responding appropriately to their parents, especially their heavenly Father. In our text, Moses is warning the nation of Israel to be careful how they receive gifts from God.

Although we may never have been (at least I hope not) one of those screaming, demanding kids in a mall, we are all in need of such a warning. Because God has been extremely generous with us. By any global or historic metric, every person in this room is overflowing with earthly wealth and possessions, not to mention the unbelievable spiritual blessings we have in Christ. So, alongside Israel, we need to hear Moses’ warning about how to live well in the context of God’s generosity and the potential consequences of failing to do so.

Primary Claim Statement

If I were to boil this message down to a single sentence, it would be this…

Don’t forget the Giver amidst all the gifts!

That may sound a bit easy or obvious, but it wasn’t for Israel, and I contend it’s not that cut and dried for us either. So, let’s pray together, and let the Scriptures teach us on this important topic.

Prayer for Illumination

Father, as we turn our eyes and ears and hearts toward your word today, would you open them wide, so that we may receive fully what you desire to teach us today. Change our perspectives, and grow our gratitude, and humble our hearts. Teach us, Lord, for we are eager to learn. And make us doers of your word, not hearers only.

We ask these things in the gracious and glorious and strong name of Jesus. Amen.

Context

Promised LandOpen your bibles with me, please, to Deuteronomy 8:1-20. That’s Deuteronomy 8. While you’re turning there, let me orient us a bit to where this story lies in redemption history.

This scene takes place after the Exodus, after God has led the people in the wilderness for 40 years until an entire generation has died off. As the book of Deuteronomy opens, we encounter the next generation of Israelites, whom God has brought back to the border of the promised land, preparing at last to enter the land and occupy it. Our passage is in the middle of the speech Moses makes to the people on that momentous day, admonishing them to be faithful to God once they’ve taken possession of the land. And although these words were written thousands of years ago, they speak to us today as well.

Reading of Scripture

So, get your bibles in front of you, and follow along with me as I read from the HCSB…

You must carefully follow every command I am giving you today, so that you may live and increase, and may enter and take possession of the land the Lord swore to your fathers. Remember that the Lord your God led you on the entire journey these forty years in the wilderness, so that He might humble you and test you to know what was in your heart, whether or not you would keep His commands.

He humbled you by letting you go hungry; then He gave you manna to eat, which you and your fathers had not known, so that you might learn that man does not live on bread alone but on every word that comes from the mouth of the Lord. Your clothing did not wear out, and your feet did not swell these forty years. Keep in mind that the Lord your God has been disciplining you just as a man disciplines his son.

So, keep the commands of the Lord your God, by walking in His ways and fearing Him. For the Lord your God is bringing you into a good land, a land with streams of water, springs, and deep water sources, flowing in both valleys and hills; a land of wheat, barley, vines, figs, and pomegranates; a land of olive oil and honey; a land where you will eat food without shortage, where you will lack nothing; a land whose rocks are iron and from whose hills you will mine copper. When you eat and are full, you will praise the Lord your God for the good land He has given you.

Be careful that you don’t forget the Lord your God by failing to keep His command—the ordinances and statutes—I am giving you today. When you eat and are full, and build beautiful houses to live in, and your herds and flocks grow large, and your silver and gold multiply, and everything else you have increases, be careful that your heart doesn’t become proud and you forget the Lord your God who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the place of slavery. He led you through the great and terrible wilderness with its poisonous snakes and scorpions, a thirsty land where there was no water. He brought water out of the flint-like rock for you. He fed you in the wilderness with manna that your fathers had not known, in order to humble and test you, so that in the end He might cause you to prosper. You may say to yourself, “My power and my own ability have gained this wealth for me,” but remember that the Lord your God gives you the power to gain wealth, in order to confirm His covenant, which He swore to your fathers, as it is today.

If you ever forget the Lord your God and go after other gods to worship and bow down to them, I testify against you today that you will perish. Like the nations the Lord is about to destroy before you, you will perish if you do not obey the Lord your God.

God’s command and His promised response to obedience (v1)

Our passage begins with a summary statement of God’s commands and His promises to those who are faithful to obey them. When Moses says, “You must carefully follow every command I am giving you today” in v1, he’s talking about the whole law of God. It’s effectively a general admonition, “Obey Yahweh in all that He commands!”

And what does God promise will result from Israel’s obedience? Abundant life in the land of promise! They will live and increase and enter and take possession of the land. So, we immediately see that Yahweh desires true and abundant life for His people, rest in the land, which is the fulfillment of His promises. This forms a kind of introduction to the rest of our text.

Organizational Sentence

And as we work through the rest of the passage, I’d like to draw our attention to three specific actions we must take, as God’s children, to honor and obey Him as a good and generous Father, who desires to provide abundantly for His children.

1. Remember

Lord's SupperFirst, our Father calls us to remember. As God’s children, we must remember that Yahweh has been a good and faithful Father to us (vv2-5).

God is not a God of promises only, but of action. He has a proven track record of keeping His promises, of providing for His kids. Everyone in this room could testify to the goodness and generosity of God – not as an abstract, theoretical exercise, but in concrete terms, remembering real life experiences. In fact, if we were to make a list of the gifts God has given us and the way that He has blessed us, it would take a really long time.

The same was true for Israel here. God expects them to remember all that He has done for them, and He expects the same for us. In this passage, Moses reminds Israel of two specific things to remember: God’s purpose and God’s provision.

a. Our Father has disciplined us for our good

Father DisciplineLook at v2: God’s purpose in the way He led Israel in the wilderness is to humble and test them. Why? To know what was in their hearts, whether or not they would keep His commands.

I think if we’re honest, we have to admit that this doesn’t sound all that fantastic. What’s so wonderful about being humbled and tested in a desert wasteland? Notice that the only specific detail God gives is that He let them go hungry. That doesn’t sound like much fun. I doubt it would be the first thing on our “Reasons to be Thankful” list.

But that’s exactly why the human race is in such deep trouble. The reason we don’t consider these gifts from God to be absolutely glorious is because we dramatically overvalue ourselves and our stuff, and dramatically undervalue our heavenly Father and the beauty of right relationship with Him. Our hearts are so proud and deceitful! The truth is that we need to be humbled. We need to be tested. We need to have our deceitfulness exposed and dealt with, so that the Spirit of God can make us more like Jesus. We are all lumps of rock that have the potential to be bars of pure gold, but not without refining fire. And there’s no greater gift a father can give his children than to refine and develop their character. All the short-term gratification in the world can’t compare to that in the long run.

And God is the perfect Father. He knows how to give to His children the gifts they desperately need, whether they want or understand them or not. And foremost among them is a refining hand, one that humbles and tests until we have learned to receive His gifts well.

As God’s children, we must remember His good and loving discipline.

b. He has provided for our needs

Father Reads to SonBut God isn’t all discipline. He is a lavish provider as well. See in v3; when the Israelites were hungry, it was God who provided food – miraculously … with manna from heaven … something no one had ever even imagined. When they were thirsty, He gave them water … out of a rock. Their clothes didn’t wear out. He sustained them physically. Essentially, he provided everything they needed – personally and miraculously – for 40 years. And not just provision, but provision with a purpose … that the people would learn that real life does not consist of bread and water and clothes and unswollen feet. Real life comes from listening to every word that comes from the mouth of Yahweh and obeying it.

In other words, life doesn’t consist in the gifts, but in knowing the One who gives them.

Have you ever played the game in which you have to decide which single object to take with you to the desert island? Moses always won that game, because he always gave the same answer… Take Yahweh with you to the island. He is what you really need. He made sure Israel’s needs were met in the wilderness, and He will make sure your needs are met too, if you remember and obey Him. Centuries later, Jesus would say essentially the same thing, “I am the bread of God who comes down from heaven and gives life to the world. Anyone who eats this bread will have eternal life” (John 6:38, 49-51 paraphrased). Real life doesn’t come from the bread; it comes from God Himself.

As God’s children, we must remember not only His discipline, but His provision.

So in v5, Moses makes the summary statement, “Keep in mind (remember) that Yahweh your God has been disciplining you just as a man disciplines his son.” Scripture couldn’t be more clear: it is the duty of every father to discipline and provide for his children, and Yahweh is our role model. So, as we survey the landscape of our lives and behold the countless blessings we see there, we need to let them remind us – cause us to remember – that our heavenly Father has been extremely good to us.

2. Recognize

Framing Hands Seeing the FutureOur second action is described in vv6-10. Here, God calls us to recognize. As God’s children, we must recognize God’s plan to continue to bless us.

As with the prior section, Moses begins with the command to keep Yahweh’s law. How? By walking in His ways and fearing Him. Why? Because Yahweh wants to bless His children, but He can only do so if they are obedient to Him.

I remember the first time I looked at my son John and realized how hard it was going to be to truly love him well. He was 5, and we were at Disney World getting ready to go on a super fun ride together. But he had done something that required me to drop the hammer instead. He was oblivious, but I knew that discipline was required. I remember standing there looking at him with thinking… I have a choice. I can either ignore what just happened and John will go on smiling and we can be pals and I can shower him with blessings he would clearly recognize… and he would take a significant step down the path toward developing a serious character flaw. Or, we can tangle, and I can withhold the good things I had planned, replacing them with what he would no doubt perceive as oppressive punishment. It would ruin his afternoon and he’d be hurt and angry… BUT we would take a step toward godliness together. I remember how clear it was that the choice was between love and laziness. If I love him, I’ll do the hard thing right now. If I don’t, if I just let it go and pour on the fun instead, then it means that I’m selfish and lazy, and I don’t really care what happens to John’s character. That would be the opposite of fatherly love. Because I can’t just give him good things to make him feel happy and fun and gooey. I want to give him good things … more than he knows … but I can’t. Because his character can’t handle it.

And in a small way, I imagine that this experience has helped me to understand the tension in the air between Yahweh and Israel in this passage. God exhorts them to keep His commands, to walk in His ways, to fear Him. Why? Because He wants to shower them with blessings and abundance. But He can only do that, if He knows His son can handle it. So, he humbled them and tested so that now He can really pour on the blessing.

We’ve already read through God’s description of this pending blessing in vv7-10. We don’t have to go through it again in detail. God is bringing the people to a place where they will have food and water and resources in abundance. It’s a description of outlandish provision. The land is pretty much a paradise, reminiscent of the garden of Eden in some ways. And the people will enjoy it forever … if they will just recognize that these good gifts come from Yahweh and obey Him … if they don’t forget the Giver amidst all the gifts! The way Moses puts it in v10 is that they must remember to worship Him.

And that brings us to our third action…

3. Respond

Thirdly, we must respond. As God’s children, we must respond appropriately to God’s fatherly goodness (vv11-18). This call to response is the clear application of the passage. God has already been so good to His people, and plans to lavish them with even greater gifts. And here in the second half of the passage, I want to consider how Israel – and therefore we – should respond to His generosity.

Look back at the text with me. In vv11-16, Moses is recapitulating themes we’ve already discussed. As with the prior two sections, v11 begins the section with a command – two, actually. First, don’t forget that it is Yahweh who gives you all these good things. And second, obey His commands. Then, vv12-13 reiterate that Yahweh desires to bless His children with even greater gifts than they have known, if they will only obey Him. And vv14-16 expand on the prior list of ways in which Yahweh has already demonstrated His faithful and abundant provision. So, this is more of what we’ve already seen: language of past faithful provision, future abundant life and generally extravagant gift giving on God’s part. What I want us to see are a few responses which are required of God’s children.

a. We must respond in obedience

Parent Helping KidsFirst, clearly God expects us to obey Him. We must respond in obedience. Five times in the passage – vv1, 2b, 6, 11, 20 – Moses exhorts the people to obey God’s commands, and another six times – vv2a, 5, 11, 14, 18, 19 – he insists that they “remember” or “not forget” the Lord. Remembering Yahweh means, among other things, to obey Him. So really this passage is absolutely riddled with exhortation to obey God’s commands.

So, the question is, what about us? Do we obey God? In our studies, in our work, among our family and friends, when you’re alone and only God can see you… Do you remember the Lord? Do you submit to His word? Like obedient children, are we quick to obey His commands? Or do we argue with Him and question His wisdom? We, who know His word so well, do we obey it? That is the question!

Moses isn’t just warning Israel, he’s warning us. Pick up at v12, and read yourself into this text…

  • When we eat and are full, which we are every single day…
  • When we live in beautiful houses, which we all do…
  • When our shelves of theology texts and drawers full of gadgets and walls full of degrees… When they all grow large, and when our silver and gold multiplies, and when everything else we have increases…

Then we must be careful that our hearts do not become proud and we forget the Lord our God who has delivered us from the domain of darkness and transferred us to the kingdom of His beloved Son (Col 1:13) … out of our very own land of Egypt, out of the place of slavery.

God didn’t just do that for Israel, He did it for us. And we need to respond in obedience.

b. We must respond in gratitude

Grateful ChildSecondly, we must respond in gratitude. This too is critically important to the Christian life, and, I fear, somewhat underrated. It is the idolatrous life which fails to acknowledge that it is God who gives you everything you have. And that is not acceptable for the one who worships Yahweh. We are to be a grateful people.

In thinking about applying this, I wrote down a few ways we can exhibit true gratitude in our lives, ways we can respond well to God’s generosity. These aren’t in the text, but I think they will help make this command real and applicable in our lives.

  • Grateful people hold what they have loosely, willing to let God take back what He’s given or direct us to share it with others.
  • Grateful people are content with what they have, rather than grumbling about what they don’t have or continually clawing and scraping to acquire more.
  • Grateful people acknowledge that God is the origin of the all that is in their lives.
  • Grateful people don’t let the many gifts distract them from remembering the goodness of the Giver.

Does this describe you? Are you responding to God’s goodness in gratitude?

c. We must respond in worship

Worshipping ChildAnd thirdly, obedience and gratitude are closely related to worship. We must respond to God in worship. This means that we acknowledge His rightful place on the throne of our hearts. We understand that we are dependent on and subservient to Him. I’m not the god in my life, He is. You’re not the star of your movie, He is. God is our Father, and we are His toddler children, wholly dependent on Him. There is no room for pride or boasting. The people of God are a people of humility and worship. Moses lays this out in vv17-18…

You may say to yourself, ‘My power and my own ability have gained this wealth for me,’ but remember that the Lord your God gives you the power to gain wealth…

For Israel in the wilderness, that’s about their capacity to live well in a new homeland. But for you and me, maybe its money. Maybe it’s a keen mind. Maybe it’s your muscle memory or your athletic prowess or good looks or nice clothes or high GPA, etc. But, whatever it is, you may say to yourself, “My power and my own ability and the strength of my right arm have gained all these things for me,” but you must remember that it is the Lord your God who gives you these good gifts.

Why? So that we will have all the toys and be happy all our days? For the sake of a better next Tusday? No. It is…

… in order to confirm His covenant, which He swore to your fathers, just as it is today.

God blesses us like this because that’s just the kind of God He is … and because it’s what He promised Abraham He would do. And God keeps His promises. Psalm 145 says,

The Lord is trustworthy in all He promises,
and righteous in all His ways,
and faithful in all He does. (Ps 145:13, 17)

God is faithful, and in return, He demands our worship. And rightly so.

The proper response of the children of God to His unfailing goodness is obedience, gratitude and worship.

Conclusion

I wish I could end this message on a high note like that – remembering God’s faithfulness, recognizing God’s desire to bless us, and responding in obedience, gratitude and worship. But we are the servants of the text, and the text doesn’t stop at v18. We have two more verses to go, and they form a sort of inclusio with v1.

God’s command and His promised response to disobedience (vv19-20)

Storm Rolling InSo, where our passage opens with God’s command to His people and His promises to them if they obey, it closes with a solemn warning about what will happen if the people disobey the Lord. Look back at the text with me. In v19, Moses concludes…

But, if you ever forget the Lord your God, and go after other gods to worship and bow down to them, I testify against you today that you will perish. Like the nations the Lord is about to destroy before you, you will perish if you do not obey the Lord your God.

So, if remembering God means to respond to Him in obedience, gratitude and worship, then forgetting means to respond in rebellion and idolatry. But how can that happen? Why would Israel turn from their gracious Heavenly Father to idols and to other gods? I think it’s because they have fixed their eyes on the gifts instead of the Giver.

Israel grumbled when they were in Egypt. And when God rescued them, they grumbled in the wilderness. They had manna, but they wanted meat. God gave Israel so many good things, but as soon as they had them, they forgot the God who gave them the gifts. They just wanted the stuff, because that was what filled their hearts. Not Yahweh. Not the Giver of all those good things. And God is warning them not to let that trend continue. As Moses spoke this warning, God knew that the blessings that were coming were even bigger than the ones they’d already received. God humbled them and tried to prepare them, but still He knew that they would turn away. And so, He makes a final promise … sobering words that apply to us as much as they did to Israel… If you forget God and do not obey Him, then you will perish. Like any pagan nation, you will be destroyed.

Because God’s patience is not unlimited. Today is the day of salvation. If our hearts are full of earthly things and unable to receive the Giver of those gifts because His place in our hearts is already taken by trinkets, then we too will perish. But it’s not too late. Repent, turn to God, and satisfy yourself with Him whom to know is life eternal.

Don’t be distracted by the things of this world.

Don’t confuse the gifts of God with the true Gift, who is God Himself.

Don’t forget the Giver amidst all the gifts!

Remember the Lord. Recognize His fatherly love for you. And respond to Him in obedience, gratitude, and worship.

Closing Prayer

Let’s pray…

Father, we remember you and all the amazing ways you have provided for us and been a father to us, even – or perhaps, especially – in your loving discipline. We recognize that all that we have comes from you. And we want to respond well.

But we are a weak and selfish and idolatrous people. It’s so easy for our eyes to wander and our hearts to be set on other things – on the gifts, rather than on the Giver. So, Lord, would you change us, by the power of your Spirit? Would you grow us up into Christ? Make us a people who remembers and recognizes and responds in such a way that you, and you alone, would be glorified in our lives.

We ask these things, and we trust you to do them, in the name of your Son Jesus. Amen.


Image credit:
1) Sitting with Jesus – The Mormon Channel
2) Promised Land – Medium.com
3) Communion – Ligonier Ministries
4) Father disciplines his son – My Two Cents On
5) Father reading to son – The Cutting Edge
6) Framing hands – LinkedIn
7) Parent helping kids – Entrepreneur.com
8) Child holding flowers – The Military Wife and Mom
9) Child in worship – Pintrest
10) Storm rolling in – Survival Life
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[Not] Owning Time: A Lesson in Turning Aside

Antique Watch

Therefore be imitators of God, as beloved children. And walk in love, as Christ loved us and gave himself up for us, a fragrant offering and sacrifice to God… Look carefully then how you walk, not as unwise but as wise, making the best use of the time, because the days are evil. (Ephesians 5:1-2, 15-16)

I recently wrote on an important concept in kingdom living that I call “turning aside.” This means to live with an awareness of the people around us and an availability to the Holy Spirit, allowing Him to direct our steps toward loving others and living and proclaiming the good news of Jesus in their midst. Since that writing, I have been making a concerted effort to maintain the kind of space (margin) in my life necessary live that kind of Kingdom life.

Interestingly, this attempt has overlapped with some of the busiest months I’ve experienced since God called me out of the marketplace and into seminary back in 2014. As a result, I’ve really struggled, feeling tons of pressure balancing my responsibilities to my family, school, church and work. (Yes, I still work; my friends all tell me I’m a terrible quitter, and that I really need to work harder at developing those skills.) And I’m still not getting the writing or fitness time in that I both want and need. Ugh. Still growing; what can I say?!

Anyway, it’s been tough, but I’ve been making some progress and have tried to be really intentional about creating and maintaining margin, especially for my family and my church. Neighbors, friends and gym … I still have work to do there. And yes, I do think it’s finally time to cut the work cord the rest of the way.

Then last night happened…

McDonald’s, and the search for quiet

New McDonald's Building Design

Yesterday was rough on my study time. Work needed a lot from me. I had a coffee planned with a friend who needed counsel, which took more time than I budgeted. Kyshirra needed a ride to class. John needed help studying for a test. Faith was working, so I got John ready and talked through his Scripture reading with him in the morning. Family devotions at dinner ran long. And the house was, in general, not a quiet place in the evening. All good stuff. Most of it was investment in family and discipleship. The best stuff really. But the net result was that 9pm rolled around and I’d only gotten about a couple hours of school work done, and nothing in the way of ministry tasks. And I was feeling behind. I was glad to make so much investment in important people and activities all day long, but I also needed to get some work done.

So, I decided to cruise over to the newly remodeled McDonald’s here in town, where I often meet a buddy of mine (we’ll call him “Joe”) to work. Since the redesign, the place is spacious, well lit, with big tables and plenty of outlets. And of course, coffee, Diet Coke and snack food all flow freely! And it’s only 10 min from my house, door-to-door. Translation: the ideal study environment.

So, I pull up, and Joe’s car is the only one in the main parking area. Score!

I walk in, and the place is empty. Crickets. Score again! I am SO getting some work done.

$1 any size soft drink … in hand. Now I’m getting excited.

I walk around the first corner, wave to my work buddy, who is alone in our customary corner in the back. I fill my 158-oz Diet Coke to the brim, and head over to “my table,” ready to get to work. I don’t see so much as one other person in the whole place. Even the music is good. So, I’m thrilled…

Until…

I round the second corner, and there, sitting right by Joe is a newly-discovered 3rd person… a rough-hewn, dirty guy in worn clothes who appeared to be homeless. He and his backpack give me the impression that he’s been camped out in here for hours. And the second I start to talk to Joe, he begins to interrupt us and ends up never stopping. His words are slurred (I think, drug-induced), his comments are rarely coherent, and he clearly has no sense of social awareness. Ultimately, no matter what we did — engage him, or not; talking or studying; at one point, we even asked him to let us work —, he continued to inject himself. Eventually, we resorted to putting in earbuds and flagrantly ignoring him, until he finally appeared to fall asleep.

An unnecessary war between false choices

Marvel Avengers Civil WarSo there I am, studying theology and church history, specifically about the way the Apostle Paul lived the spiritual life. And all the while, I’m ignoring a half-stoned, homeless person who clearly, desperately wanted to talk to somebody … anybody. Granted, I got some much-needed reading done … finally … but I felt so guilty that I wasn’t engaging this guy for Christ, sharing the gospel, and just taking more of an interest in his obviously difficult life … just loving on him.

On the one hand, I had been turning aside all day long. Devotions. Rides to school. Help with homework. Discipleship meeting over coffee. Etc. I had devoted much of my day to being pastor-dad. Surely it wasn’t out of line to ask for just a couple hours to work! Plus, Joe and I had ministry tasks to accomplish on top of an already-compressed study time. And because of constant interruption, that clearly wasn’t happening. 90% of my day had been for God. I just couldn’t afford to spend the next several hours wandering through the labyrinth of this man’s drug-soaked mind. How could that possibly be good stewardship of my time?

But on the other hand, this guy was sad and alone and poor and wretched. Just like me. God rescued me. And I didn’t deserve it one whit more than this guy. What if, all those years ago, Jonathan Kua or Erin Miller (the two human beings most responsible for showing me Jesus when I was 20) had been too busy to take time for me? Granted, I wasn’t in a drug haze and had at least possessed a moniker of social awareness, but I had more than my share of problems and annoying character flaws. Even then, that’s not really the point, is it? And didn’t Jesus explicitly say that what we do for the least of these, we do for Him? (Matthew 25:31ff)

Was I being selfish? Was I being responsible? How much “turning aside” is too much for one day? How do I balance all the pressures of this multi-faceted life I’m in the midst of? When is enough enough? Surely, there have to be boundaries!

My head hurts.

And so, I faced a choice…

Option 1: Let him consume the rest of the night while I chased him down rabbit holes and tried to create openings for spiritual conversation.

Option 2: Ignore him, get some work done, and hope he goes away.

What would Jesus do?

I couldn’t figure it out, so I defaulted to the latter. I got out the earbuds, the guy fell asleep, and I got another 2 hours or so of work done. Shortly after midnight, having completing several critical tasks, I snuck out, came home, and went to bed worried that I had made the wrong choice. And I don’t even remember the guy’s name.

It looks different in the morning when you pray

Girl Praying by a LakeThis morning, during prayer, I mulled this over with God. “I’m afraid I chose poorly, Father. Should I have chosen the other path?” And, as He so often does, God gently explained that I have no idea what I’m talking about. My entire two-choice framework was a straw man.

What follows is what I feel were God’s instructions to me this morning. They are what I wanted to share with you. Because deciding to live a life of turning aside isn’t enough. As soon as you do, you have to wrestle with questions like this one and situations like last night’s.

Here’s what I learned…

God owns my time

First of all, that time at McDonald’s wasn’t my time. I had no right to simply decide how to use it. Every second of yesterday’s 24 hours belonged to God, and it was up to Him how to invest it. I steward His time; I don’t own it myself. So if God wants to disrupt my plans every single second of the day, that’s His right, and it’s my responsibility to receive His wise choices with joyful obedience.

That guy wasn’t there by accident

It’s not like any of us randomly showed up at McDonald’s. That man, my friend Joe, and I were all there by divine appointment. God intended — as He always intends — for Joe and I to act as His ambassadors. And we are, whether it’s intentional or not. It’s not a question of whether or not we proclaim Christ; it’s a question of what kind of proclamation we’re making. We always speak for Jesus, because we belong to Jesus and are united with Him. The question is, “What message are you sending? And does it represent Him well?” I fear we communicated to the guy at McDonald’s that he was annoying and unimportant … certainly not as important as Joe and I … being church staff-pastor-seminary types, and all.

My reaction to him was a failure of leadership

It should never have been on the table for this barely-coherent man to drive the conversation. Jesus would have taken one look at him, maybe waited for the guy’s first question, and then taken total control of the conversation. I doubt Jesus would have lectured him. He would certainly have asked him probing questions. But in no sense would the man have led the discussion while Jesus “chased him down rabbit trails, hoping for an opening to share the gospel.” I think Jesus would have prayed, gotten direction from the Holy Spirit, and then pinned this guy to the wall with an insightful question right out of the gate.

I should have led him toward toward Jesus, not debated with myself whether or not to respond to his attempts to dominate the conversation.

There was a choice, just not the one I thought

Two PathsOnce leading the discussion, the question would have become: Is this conversation going somewhere? That was the choice I really faced. If we had been heading toward Jesus, then I should have engaged this man as long as it took to get there. My time is the Lord’s. But if the conversation had persistently wandered aimlessly through a fog of non-engagement on his part (as I suspected it might have) or if he had otherwise indicated that he wasn’t interested / done talking, then the Christ-like thing to do would have been to stop it … to politely explain that we needed to break off the conversation and get to work. Then, we should have packed up our stuff, moved over to the other side of the restaurant, and conducted our business.

But the worst thing I could have done — as I look back on it now, and as I felt the weight of conviction praying through the situation this morning — is what I actually did… I ignored him, treating him like he was beneath my attention, and hoped he would go away. That’s just not okay; there’s no way that’s what Jesus would have done.

It’s crazy, but I was afraid

I think the truth is that I was afraid of what he (and Joe) would think of me if I spoke more pointedly to him, commanding the leadership position in the conversation, or judging that the conversation wasn’t going anywhere and then moving across the room. I didn’t want to be that direct, to act with that much authority, because I lacked the confidence to do so. And as a result, I stayed where I was, ignored “the problem” and hoped it would go away. And that did not honor the Lord.

Now what?

I write all this in the hopes that it will serve as a cautionary tail. I’m not proud of last night, but I’m glad for the learning experience. And very thankful that God graciously set me straight this morning. Here are the takeaways, as I see them…

You don’t own your time. God does. Steward it the way He wants you to, even if it costs you something that seems really important.

Don’t succumb to fear. You are Christ’s ambassador. All authority in heaven and earth has been given to Jesus (Matt 28:18-20), and just as His Father sent Him, so He has sent us (John 17:18-19). There is nothing to fear, so let us act boldly and confidently for the sake of the gospel.

Lead people to Jesus. Don’t chase them down; have the courage to use the authority God has given you. Discipleship is a form of confident leadership, not chasing.

As long as it’s going somewhere, turn aside as much as it takes. I really think that Jesus’ principle on forgiveness applies here and would be helpful. As long as we are being directed by the Spirit… As long as we’re seeking His counsel in the moment… As long as we’re not getting the “time to stop” signal from a the person we’re engaging… Then we shouldn’t turn aside 7 times, but 70 times 7 (Matt 18:21ff). This doesn’t mean we have no boundaries; it means we have no limits on our willingness to listen to the Spirit’s prompting and love lost people, even when some other important thing is left undone as a result.

May it begin with me.


Image credit:
1) McDonalds – Robert Ross Contractors
2) Captain America Civil War – CBR
3) Girl praying by the lake – Ashburnham
4) Two paths – Riveted
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